Interpretation is the process by which courts seek to ascertain the meaning of the legislature through the medium of the authoritative forms in which it is expressed.
1. Interpretation vs. Construction
Although frequently used interchangeably, jurisprudence draws a clear distinction between the two:
| Interpretation | Construction |
|---|---|
| The art of finding the true, direct meaning of the words of a statute. | The process of drawing conclusions and legal consequences beyond the direct expression of the text when the words are ambiguous or silent. |
| Limited strictly to the linguistic expression of the statute. | Resolves contradictions or omissions by applying broader legal principles and constitutional guidelines. |
2. Intention of the Legislature (Mens Legislatoris)
The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to determine and execute the Intention of the Legislature. This intention is two-fold:
- Concept of Meaning: What the words themselves actually express.
- Concept of Purpose/Object: What the legislature intended to achieve, or the mischief it sought to cure by passing the act.
⚠️ Limits of Judicial Power:
Judges must discover intention strictly from the words used in the statute. If the language is plain and unambiguous, courts must apply it as written, even if the result is harsh. The court cannot rewrite, modify, or add words to fill up a gap (casus omissus), as that would violate the separation of powers by legislating from the bench.